Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in all corners of the world. Sublevel stoping sublevel stoping is a mining method in which ore is blasted from different levels of elevation but is removed from one level at the bottom of the mine. Open pit mines are used to exploit low grade, shallow ore bodies. Chapter 7 describes support vector machines and the types of data sets in which they seem to have relative advantage. Chapter 8 discusses the use of genetic algorithms to supplement various data mining operations. Candidate methods can therefore be chosen and ranked based on. Parallel drives are developed in the ore on equally spaced levels. Because of the high costs associated with supported and unsupported mining methods, open stoping with caving methods is used whenever feasible. And is there any mining method that isnt mind numbingly boring. As it has been for 12 years, the handbook is available as a free download from. Thanks in large part to the efforts by john chadwick of the mining journal, and many other members of the mining community, the hard rock miners handbook has been distributed to over 1 countries worldwide. Possibility of application of backfill methods with cementing fill for borska.
Sublevel stoping, cut and fill mining and sublevel caving have generally replaced shrinkage mining in australia, europe and canada. Backfill practices for sublevel stoping system springerlink. With the advent of recently developed sophisticated and expensive drilling. In this mining method, the ore is excavated in open stopes, retreating from one end of the stope toward the other. Ore is produced by drilling and blasting longholes, which can range from 50 mm 2 in. Mining industry response to the book continues to be incredible. Shrinkage stoping is more suitable than sublevel stoping for stronger ore and weaker wall rock. Oct 22, 2014 sublevel stoping underground mining methods 1.
Mining method evaluation and dilution control in kittila mine core. Sublevel caving past and future australian centre for. Underground mining methods presents the latest principles and techniques in use today. Stop mining flat deposit in the previous topic you were introduced to the different methods adapted to mine underground deposits. Choosing a suitable underground mining method to extract a mineral deposit is very important in terms of economics, safety and productivity of mining operations. What is the difference between sublevel stopping and. A common open stoping method is roomandpillar mining, in which pillars of ore are left standing to support the rock over a flatlying ore body. When the parameter of the room and pillar is 18m, the underground mining is safe and steady. Acknowledgements orica mining services wishes to thank the customer orica mining services team would like to extend its gratitude to nicholas reed mining superintendent.
Shortwall stoping versus sublevel longwall cavingretreat in. Guide to underground mining methods and applications. Overview of mining and its impacts environmental law alliance. Introduction the sublevel stoping mining method is usually applied to a relatively steeply dipping, competent ore body, surrounded by competent wall rock. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. As stated by, its surface mining is a form of mining in which the soil and the rock covering the mineral deposits are removed. Exceptions include free gold particles, because of the great disparity in. The primary objective of underground mining is to extract ore safely and economically while minimizing handling of waste rock. For sublevel stoping the ore body and walls should be strong enough to support open stoping. Mar 15, 2017 block gravity caving is a bulk underground mining method, which allows large lowgrade deposits to be mined underground. Underground mining methods are usually employed when the depth of the deposit andor the waste to ore ratio stripping ratio are. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used by most mining houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a particular mining method, equipment availability, and work force experience. Study on sublevel open stoping with subsequent backfilling. Underground mining method selection by decision making tools.
It is an overhand mining method that relies on broken ore being left in the stope to be used as the working floor and to support the walls. This method involves undermining the orebody to make it collapse under its own weight into a series of chambers from which the ore extracted. Sufficient knowledge of the mineral deposit, mining technology, processing methods, and. Well the basic elements are common to most underground mining operations, there are many variations in the theme. Planning the underground mine on the basis of mining method. In addition, the process of mining commonly exposes ore to more rapid.
Development of the infrastructure for both these stoping methods is. For the same tonnage, grades are lower, while for the same grades tonnages decrease. The objective here is to present a design methodology applicable to sublevel open stoping, but also to then bridge the gap between theory and practice by applying said methodology to an actual design example. A wide range of problems facing mining engineers is discussed, namely.
Case study underground mass blast orica mining services. The sublevels are worked simultaneously, the lowest on a given block being farthest advanced and the subs above following one another at short intervals. Generally a large scale open stoping method, it is often referred to as long hole or blast hole stoping. This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in power point format so as to allow customization for the individual needs of course instructors. Before mining begins, an ore pass is usually drilled from a.
The evolution of block caving mining method where a small 1931, mining by the topslicing method, with some notes on sublevel caving. Economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel stoping method kazem oraee1 and amir houssain bangian2 drilling constitutes an important part of the production process in sublevel stoping method and up to 50% of the total costs can be attributed to this element. Minimizing dilution in open stope mining with a focus on. Sublevel caving and block caving underground mining methods. A new empirical design approach has been developed for estimating unplanned dilution from open stope hangingwalls and footwalls. It is a versatile and productive method that is primarily used for large ore bodies with a steep dip, regular shape, and defined ore bodies. Underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st edition. The resulting design charts are based on quantifiable measurements of. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping crc press. This paper discusses the stope parameters of the sublevel subsequent filling stage in daye iron shizishan section. A long hole stoping system for mining narrow platinum reefs. The method is still used in a handful of nonmechanised mines in south america, africa, asia and canada. The mining rate includes the mining of both waste and ore. Evaluation and selection of recoverable reserves in a.
The orebody is developed first by a series of sublevel drifts above the main haulage level. Production mining is further broken down into two methods, long hole and short. Underhand cut and fill mining as practiced in three deep hard. Sublevel stoping recover s the ore from open stopes separated by access drifts each connected to a ramp.
The first full work on one of many crucial underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics in response to the normal sublevel stoping course of utilized by most mining houses, throughout which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a selected mining method, gear availability, and work strain experience. Keeping up with caving caving mining techniques are experiencing a surge of interest, thanks to a combination of favourable metal prices, high forecast demand and the need to exploit deeper, more complex orebodies at the lowest cost possible. These increased level distances are intended to reduce overall development costs when mining sublevel cave stope areas. Sublevel stoping mining methods are very popular in canadian metal mines since they enable maximum ore recovery due to pillarless mining. In the next three topics we will see how these methods can be adapted to mining deposits in different geologic situations. This classification has been used ever since as a basis for describing methods in its publications dealing with mining methods and costs and is as follows. According to nicolas, each mining method is ranked according to the suitability of its geometrygrade distribution and ore zone. Design and operational issues for increasing sublevel cave.
Sublevel stoping mining method black diamond drilling services australia pty ltd. Key performance indicators assessed during the trial safety targets mining layout drill rig production targets support requirements. The theme is mining in adverse conditions using stateoftheart technology. The selection of underground mining methods is primarily based on the geologicalspatial setting of the deposit. Classification of underground mining methods mineral production in which all extracting operations are conducted beneath the ground surface is termed underground mining. Pdf shrinkage stoping and vertical crater retreat stoping. The ubc mining method selection is a modification of the nicolas approach 1981, which places more emphasis on stoping method. A threedimensional model of a modern underground mine with shaft access.
Supported mining methods are often used in mines with weak rock. Drill and blast mining methods permit a degree of flexibility during the course of mining and allow for changes in techniques with technical improvements in equipment and blasting techniques. Sublevel caving technique free download as pdf file. Featuring numerous case studies from the worldrenowned mount isa mines and examples from underground mines in western australia, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping is both a practical reference for industry and a specialised textbook for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate mining. The deposits may be tabular in form, dipping at angles steeper than the angle of repose of the broken ore or flatter, if scrapers are employed for moving the ore in the ore passes, or to wide, thick ore bodies or masses. Excavation design and mining methods in the 1100 ore body, mount isa mine, australia. An underground mining method used in large, steeply dipping orebodies where the wall rock is of an incompetent nature.
It is the best video for understanding how to do sublevel stoping mining method. The uppermost sublevel underneath the cover is partly caved. Sublevel stoping mining methods are generally employed to extract steeply dipping tabular ore deposits characterized by relatively long strikes and having various thicknesses. Shrinkage mining was a common stoping method prior to mechanised mining and the introduction of hydraulic fill. It is defined as a concentration of minerals that can be exploited and turned into a saleable product to generate a financially acceptable profit under existing economic conditions. At this stage the design of the stope nears completion. Ebook geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping as pdf.
Underground mining method selection is one of the most important decisions that mining engineers have to make. The glory hole method is best suited to mining on a hillside, and irregular deposits. Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to. Pdf design and dimensioning of sublevel stoping for. Black diamond drilling services australia database. In this method, the face is formed perpendicular to the seam strike and implemented in the form of slices 7. Stoping is the process of extracting the desired ore or other mineral from an underground mine, leaving behind an open space known as a stope. In this method, the ore is excavated in open stopes, retreating from one end of the stope toward the other. Its characteristic feature is the use of sublevels.
Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel. Mining continues upwards towards the surface until the orebody is depleted. The remainder of the design now goes into more detail and addresses the critical tasks that from part of sublevel open stoping. A mining method involving overhand, underhand, and shrinkage stoping.
Carly lovejoy investigates the current market 4648,5052,5460,dd 46 23052012 16. Sublevel caving is one of many different methods for underground hard rock mining. Jul 21, 2016 underground mining is the process of extracting minerals and ores that are located too far underground to be mined efficiently using surface mining methods. Shrinkage stoping is a mining method used for steeply dipping, narrower ore bodies with self supporting walls and ore. The research encompassed both stope design and narrow vein longhole blasting. Since the mining system now in use is a sublevel caving mining method, it seems logical to consider increasing the dis tance between sublevels and the drawing off of a higher back. The method requires that the hanging wall and often the footwall be of competent rock as the stulls provide the only artificial support.
Economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel. According to the similar material simulation technology, which is the main means, displacement monitoring and internal stress monitoring, several conclusions are summarized as bellow. Shrinkage stoping is a shorthole mining method which is suitable for steeply dipping orebodies. Sublevel caving mining method newtrax technologies inc. A common openstoping method is roomandpillar mining, in which pillars of ore are left standing to support the rock over a flatlying ore body. Underground mining methods and applications production headframe hans hamrin 1. What is the difference between sublevel stopping and sublevel. Kiruna began its mining operations around 1900 using surface methods. Typically, underground mine has less environmental impact. Stull stoping is a form of stoping used in hardrock mining that uses systematic or random timbering stulls placed between the foot and hanging wall of the vein. Narrow tabular ore bodies with particular reference to the free state and klerksdorp goldfields.
Section 10 shrinkage methods mike turner australian mining. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel caving. This thesis presents the results of three years of research which focused on minimizing dilution in open stope mining. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping top results of your surfing geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping start download portable document format pdf and ebooks electronic books free online rating news 20162017 is books that can provide inspiration, insight, knowledge to. Economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel stoping. Cutandfill stoping is applicable to the mining of firm ore enclosed within walls, one or both of which are weak and heavy.
Transportation literature infographic science technology illustrations education reading literatura. Design an appropriate mining method for extraction of ore. Download geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping pdf. Sublevel open stopingdesign and planning at the olympic dam mine. This book presents the latest mining principles and techniques in use today. Atlas copco sublevel caving mining method duration. Hecla developed a pastetype backfill with no free water so that cement fines. A long hole stoping system for mining narrow platinum reefs advantages of this mining method it allows for a low safety and health risk as well as improved working environment. The sublevels are connected by a starting raise at one end of the stope and by a passageway raise for. Shrinkage stoping ascending method of mining advantages and disadvantages vertical crater retreat stoping introduction application developmental sequence of stopes production how cratering works. A classification of stoping methods based upon method of support was adopted by the mining division of the bureau of mines in 1928. Underhand cut and fill mining methods are used at the lucky friday, stillwater.
Understanding the principles of gravity flow is centrai to optimizing design and operating practices in sublevel cave mining. Sublevel open stoping originated in the early 1900s in iron ore mines in michigan, usa. Agenda geological concepts mining methods mineral processing methods mine waste management mining and money a future of mining. Development for sublevel open stoping at the carr fork mine. Block cave mining allows very little freedom in change once the layout in complete or. Implementing a production schedule at lkabs kiruna mine 126 interfaces342,pp. Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals, usually those containing metals such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin and lead, but also involves using the same techniques for excavating ores of gems such as diamonds or rubies.
Ore is recovered from each sublevel in a planned sequence of primary and secondary stopes with delayed backfill in a manner to create a stress shadow to avoid high stress. Underground mining methods engineering fundamentals and. Sublevel stoping mining methods are generally employed to extract steeply dipping tabular ore deposits characterized by relatively long. In addition to the block caving and sublevel method with ore and overburden rocks collapses should be considered and sublevel and open stope mining methods with backfilling the excavated area. Current longwall mining method applied in the mine the current method used in the abovementioned mines is a sublevel longwall cavingretreat method. It is a largescale mining method suitable for large ore bodies with a steep dip and a rock mass with a host rock in the hanging wall will fracture under controlled conditions.
792 1192 661 1351 1345 397 608 472 566 834 1048 1049 444 1384 210 937 1440 502 506 677 994 984 1442 1574 807 81 486 459 1010 1045 487 94 399 519 1477 283 272 1197 198 900